CFA Ethics: The Section That Quietly Decides Who Passes (With 2025 Examples)

Many CFA candidates underestimate Ethics. It seems like a topic you can read once, tick the box, and move on. In reality, it is one of the most important topics on the exam — and one of the most commonly mishandled.

The weight is real

Ethics and Professional Standards accounts for 15% of CFA Level 1. That is 27 questions out of 180. It is the single largest topic by weight at Level 1. At Level 2 it is 10%, and at Level 3 it is also 10%. There is no CFA level where Ethics is irrelevant.

The borderline factor

CFA Institute has been explicit that when a candidate's overall score is close to the Minimum Passing Score (MPS), the Ethics score is used as a deciding factor. A borderline candidate with strong Ethics performance is more likely to pass than one with weak Ethics performance, all else being equal. This makes Ethics disproportionately important for anyone who is not comfortably above the passing threshold.

Why candidates struggle with Ethics

Ethics questions are not straightforward recall questions. They present nuanced scenarios — an analyst receives a gift, a portfolio manager hears information at a conference, a research associate is pressured by a client — and ask you to identify the most appropriate action.

The tricky part is that multiple answer choices often seem reasonable. The test is whether you understand the intent of the Standard, not just the wording. For example, Standard III(B) on Fair Dealing does not require that you contact every client simultaneously — it requires that you treat all clients fairly. Understanding that distinction is the difference between a right and wrong answer.

How to actually study Ethics

Read the Standards of Professional Conduct carefully, not just the summaries. For each Standard, understand: what does it prohibit? What does it require? What are the recommended procedures? Then practise with as many Ethics questions as you can find — especially questions involving conflicts of interest, MNPI, and supervisor responsibilities. Review every wrong answer until you understand the reasoning.